DIN 4076-5-1981 木材术语符号.标准术语编

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【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforEvaluatingNonconventionalMicrobiologicalTestsUsedforEnumeratingBacteria
【原文标准名称】:评估细菌计数的非常规微生物试验标准指南
【标准号】:ASTME1326-2006
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2006
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(ASTM)
【起草单位】:E35.15
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:细菌;指南;微生物分析;微生物学
【英文主题词】:
【摘要】:Thisguideshouldbeusedbyproducersandpotentialproducersofnonconventionalteststodeterminetheaccuracy,selectivity,specificity,andreproducibilityofthetests,asdefinedinPracticesE691andD3870.Resultsofsuchstudiesshouldidentifythelimitationsandindicatetheutilityorapplicabilityofthenonconventionaltest,orboth,foruseondifferenttypesofsamples.Nonconventionaltestusersandpotentialusersshouldemploythisguidetoevaluateresultsofthenonconventionaltestascomparedtotheirpresentmethods.PracticesD5245andD5465shouldbereviewedinregardstotheconventionalmicrobiologicalmethodsemployed.Ifconventionalmethodshavenotbeenusedformonitoringthesystems,thenguidelinesareincludedforobtainingmicrobiologicalexpertise.Utilizationofanonconventionaltestmayreducethetimerequiredtodeterminethemicrobiologicalstatusofthesystemandenableanimprovementintheoveralloperatingefficiency.Inmanycases,thefindingsofasignificantlyhighlevelofbacteriaindicatestheneedforanadditionofanantimicrobialagent.Byaccuratelydeterminingthisinashortertimeperiodthanbyconventionalmethods,treatmentwithantimicrobialagentsmaycircumventmoreseriousproblemsthanifthetreatmentwerepostponeduntilconventionalresultswereavailable.Iftheantimicrobialtreatmentprogramreliesonaninaccuratenonconventionaltest,thenunnecessarylossofproductandproblemsassociatedwithinappropriateselectionorimproperdosingwithantimicrobialagentswouldexist.Sincemanymethodsbasedonentirelydifferentchemicalandmicrobiologicalprinciplesareconsidered,itisnotpossibletoestablishauniquedesignandrecommendaspecificmethodofstatisticalanalysesforthecomparisonstobemade.Itisonlypossibletopresentguidesthatshouldbefollowedwhileperformingtheexperiments.Itisalsorecommendedthatastatisticianbeinvolvedinthestudy.1.1Thepurposeofthisguideistoassistusersandproducersofnonconventionaltestsindeterminingtheapplicabilityofthetestforprocessingdifferenttypesofsamplesandevaluatingtheaccuracyoftheresults.ConventionalproceduressuchastheHeterotrophic(Standard)PlateCount,theMostProbableNumber(MPN)methodandtheSpreadPlateCountarewidelycitedandacceptedfortheenumerationofmicroorganisms.However,thesemethodshavetheirlimitations,suchasperformancetimeanddegreeofaccuracy.Itistheselimitationsthathaverecentlyledtothemarketingofavarietyofnon-conventionalprocedures,testkitsandinstruments.1.2Aconventionaltestisonethatiswidelyacceptedandpublishedasastandardmicrobiologicalmethodorrelatedprocedure.Anew,nonconventionaltestmethodwillattempttoprovidethesameinformationthroughthemeasurementofadifferentparameter.Thisguideisdesignedtoassistinvestigatorsinassessingtheaccuracyandprecisionofnonconventionalmethodsintendedforthedeterminationofmicrobialpopulationdensitiesoractivities.1.3ItisrecognizedthattheHeterotrophicPlateCountdoesnotrecoverallmicroorganismspresentinaproductorasystem(,).Whenthisproblemoccursduringthecharacterizationofamicrobiologicalpopulation,alternativestandardenumerationproceduresmaybenecessary,asinthecaseofsulfate-reducingbacteria.Atothertimes,chemicalmethodsthatmeasuretheratesofappearanceofmetabolicderivativesortheutilizationofcontaminatedproductcomponentsmightbeindicated.Inevaluatingnonconventionaltests,theuseofthesealternativestandardproceduresmaybetheonlymeansavailableforestablishingcorrelation.Insuchcases,thisguidecanserveasareference......
【中国标准分类号】:A40
【国际标准分类号】:07_100_10;07_100_10
【页数】:3P.;A4
【正文语种】:


【英文标准名称】:StandardSpecificationforWroughtCarbonSteelWheels
【原文标准名称】:锻制碳素钢轮的标准规范
【标准号】:ASTMA504-1993
【标准状态】:作废
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1993
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(ASTM)
【起草单位】:ASTM
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:轮子;钢;碳素钢
【英文主题词】:wheels;carbonsteels;steels
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:T21
【国际标准分类号】:43_040_50
【页数】:8P;A4
【正文语种】:英语